Litigation in Iraq

Federal Iraq has a Federal Supreme Court, which is the court of highest decree in the country. The Kurdistan Region does not have a similar counterpart; however, we can have our cases heard at the Federal Supreme Court as well.

Litigation in Croatia

Lawsuits are submitted to the Commercial Courts based on the type of dispute. Courts monitor real jurisdiction ex officio, so as soon as the Court receives a complaint, it must first check whether it actually has jurisdiction.

Litigation in Iran

There is no pre-trial discovery in Iran. The first time a litigant sees opposing witnesses is at the trial before the judge. I can, however, use the electronic platform to review the documents opposing litigants submit to a court.

Litigation in Italy

Lower-level courts often consult with the higher-level courts before trial to be assured that their judgments will not be appealed, which works quite well for simple disputes. But when it comes to complex disputes between large corporations, the lower-level courts cannot really issue an unappealable judgment.

Litigation in Kenya

A strength of the Kenyan courts is the use of mediation. In an effort to maintain relations, the court often sends parties to Court Annexed Mediation, since it’s a faster route to resolve disputes. Another strength is that the parties are given a limited timeline to exchange documents, which prevents parties from dragging the case along.

Litigation in Vietnam

Lower-level courts often consult with the higher-level courts before trial to be assured that their judgments will not be appealed, which works quite well for simple disputes. But when it comes to complex disputes between large corporations, the lower-level courts cannot really issue an unappealable judgment.

Litigation in Kazakhstan

The strength of Kazakh courts for resolving commercial disputes lies in availability of various specialized courts. We have commercial courts for disputes between businesses, companies, and sole proprietors. We also have administrative courts for disputes between businesses, companies, and sole proprietors, on one hand, and governmental bodies, on the other hand.

Litigation in Panama

There is no summary judgment or motions to dismiss. This is true, even if you challenge a lawsuit on the grounds of the statute of limitations or similar defenses. Instead, a defendant needs to litigate a case through its conclusion.

Litigation in Indonesia

Indonesian courts are open to the public and ordinary people can watch a commercial trial. But there are some courts which are not open to the public. These include courts that hear family law cases or divorce cases.

Litigation in Ancient Athens

There were no rules of evidence. Instead, each litigant at trial gave a speech and it was somewhat freeform, a little like Judge Judy. These speeches included matters that may not be technically relevant to the case, such as character attacks, their adversary’s past crimes, or their own altruistic work.

Litigation in South Africa

South African courts cite UK contract law and UK’s rules for evidence. They do this because UK law offers a large body of precedent that courts can follow. They also do this because a lot of the laws and rules in South Africa come from the UK system, since those laws stayed entrenched in the country when it became independent from the UK.

Litigation in Classical Rome

The true “expenses” of Roman litigation were in time and reputation. There were no filing fees and such. Advocates in Rome did not typically charge fees: advocacy was provided as part of a system of patronage, friendship, and professional ambition.