The Uniform Commercial Code

The UCC provides a lot of rules about what happens in the event of a breach. For example, it holds a seller responsible for the quality of goods it ships until the goods arrive at the buyer’s location, except in certain specific situations. And it sets forth how a buyer can reject defective goods.

Hearsay and Foundation Objections

At trial, technical rules dictate what evidence is admissible and what evidence is not. Not only does this require lawyers to do a lot of work before trial to make sure their evidence is admitted, but it could baffle some people about why some great evidence wasn’t included.

Litigation in Saudi Arabia

The court may apply foreign law as long as it does not contradict or conflicts with Saudi law or Sharia. This is because the first article of the Saudi Litigation Law says that "courts shall apply the provisions of Sharia to cases brought before them, as derived from the Quran and Sunnah, and State laws not conflicting therewith. Proceedings before such courts shall comply with the provisions of this law. Therefore, when applying a foreign law, the court will make sure it does not conflict with the laws of Saudi Arabia or Sharia.

Comments on Recent Cases: April 2021

This month, the American Bar Association Magazine published two of my articles about recent decisions. One was a federal appellate decision about employment discrimination and the other was a Texas Supreme Court case about the transfer of liability in asset purchases.

Arbitration

There are several reasons why parties may choose arbitration over litigation. One reason is efficiency: arbitrations tend to move faster than court proceedings. This is because arbitrators often have lighter caseloads than judges and because they have the flexibility to skip various formalities. Also arbitration usually does not permit appeals, which saves the parties the costs of an appeal.

Litigation in India

According to the Constitution of India, unless the Parliament by law provides otherwise, all proceedings before the Supreme Court and in every High Court shall be conducted in English. In some exceptional cases where some other language is used during the proceeding in a High Court, the judgment in any event must be delivered in English.

Cross Examination at Trial

Sometimes during cross-examination, things don’t go as planned. The witness may give a bad answer or the judge may cut off a line of questioning even though the lawyer really wanted to continue it. In those events, a lawyer is usually best served by remaining calm. Acting like these are huge losses may communicate to others that even the lawyer thinks their case is in bad shape. And while those losses are scary in the moment, a trial often has numerous opportunities for each side to make its case.

Serving the Summons

Corporate defendants may automatically designate the state government its agent for service of process (or may affirmatively designate some third party to be an agent). In those cases, plaintiffs often may properly serve a defendant by delivering or mailing a complaint to the agent instead of to the company itself.

Comments on Recent Cases: March 2021

Parties frequently expect more from contractors than what their contract explicitly requires. Often they believe that the contract is a formality and the real agreement comes from their pre-contract discussions or common sense. This is not always the case.

Representations and Warranties

Many contracts have “indemnification” provisions, that state exactly what a defendant needs to do if a representation is false. For example, the provision may state that the defendant is only responsible for a certain amount of damages or that the plaintiff needs to follow a specific procedure before it can bring a lawsuit.

The Convention on the International Sale of Goods

Parties can determine whether the CISG is helpful for them or not based on whether they prefer its terms over the ones found in another applicable law. But putting those substantive differences aside, I believe that there is a significant benefit to the CISG, and a significant drawback.

Litigation in Jewish Rabbinical Courts

In some commercial cases, like employment cases with schools, our rabbis’ familiarity with the culture is important. And there are many situations in disputes where pure Jewish law applies and Beth Din judges have the competence to decide that in a way that secular courts don’t.