Lies

In federal court, Rule 11 governs the procedure for addressing false statements by an attorney in a written document submitted to court. Rule 11 requires the lawyer to give notice to the other lawyer about the lie and provide her an opportunity to respond to it. Following that notice, the lawyer may make a motion to the court, asking it to punish the lawyer for the lie. Often this punishment comes in the form of the reimbursement of attorneys fees incurred in connection with the motion and because of the lie.

Working With Judges

Part of the reason lawyers are so deferential is because judges have the power to hold lawyers in contempt. And another part of this is because judges ultimately decide major issues in a case, so lawyers want to be on their good side.

Small Claims Court

Only certain types of cases qualify for small claims court. Generally, they are disputes over an amount of money below a certain threshold. For example, in New York City, small claims courts hear disputes for up to $10,000. In Miami, they hear claims for up to $8,000. These are amounts of money that may not seem small (no one wants to lose $8,000), but that are below the cost of litigating a full case in another court.

Domesticating Foreign Judgments

Litigants often try to use the “procured by fraud” exception to try to re-litigate the merits of a case. They claim that the initial court was deceived by false evidence or testimony and the new court should therefore not domesticate the judgment. But while these arguments may complicate the proceedings, they rarely succeed.

Computers Doing the Job of Lawyers

In my experience, technology assisted review does not process the actual document requests that lawyers carefully draft and even litigate. It only processes how a lawyer coded a subset of documents. Therefore, the system may miss important categories of documents or nuances in the distinction between responsive and non-responsive documents.

Belligerent Lawyers

Bluster often fails to work with opposing counsel. Most cases end in settlement. And so a lawyer has to get the other side to agree to a deal. But bullying opposing counsel will rarely make opposing counsel feel like the deal they are being pushed is a good one. If anything, the fact that a lawyer needs to be aggressive to push a deal likely communicates to opposing counsel that the deal is bad and should be rejected.

Court Filings That Are Not Decisions on the Merits

Strategically, parties deny most things in an answer and assert as many affirmative defenses as they can, because if they do not, they may lose the chance to do so later. So people may discuss a denial or defense in an answer as the defendant’s actual legal strategy or position when it may just be them preserving their rights.

The Business Record Exception to the Hearsay Rule

To understand why the business record exception exists, it is helpful to remember why trials generally exclude hearsay as evidence. It is because the most reliable testimony comes firsthand, from a witness who swears to tell the truth, who can be cross-examined, and whose credibility can be assessed by the judge or jury. The law considers evidence that lacks these characteristics to be less reliable.

Appeals

The appellant has to make sure her counsel is admitted to the court where the appeal will be heard, which may be a different court than the trial court. In New York, the Appellate Division and the trial courts are both part of the same court system. But in federal court, the District Courts are separate from the Courts of Appeals and require a separate admissions process.

Motions to Reargue

Judges make many decisions during a lawsuit. They set schedules, decide what parties need to disclose in discovery, dismiss claims, and direct the entry of judgments. And while many courts do not specify the limits for what decisions may get reargued, in practice, parties often ask judges to reconsider certain important decisions.

Motions to Dismiss

When a defendant moves to dismiss, she asks the court to dismiss the case (usually in its entirety, but sometimes just in part) generally for one of two reasons. The first reason is that the court cannot hear the claim, either because the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in the court or because the claim belongs in a different kind of court. And the second reason is that the complaint does not contain the necessary allegations to support a claim.

A Million Questions

In American lawsuits, litigants usually have to search all of their email accounts and all of the physical spaces over which they exercise control. That’s a lot! It could include homes, offices, computers, external hard drives, USB hard drives, cloud email accounts, cell phones, storage spaces, and more. And for corporate litigants, it could apply not just to one clearly relevant employee, but to a whole list of possibly relevant employees.