Litigation in Cyprus

The 2022 reforms to the justice system includes the establishment of a Commercial Court which was approved in Parliament in May 2022. The Commercial Court will be comprised of judges with experience in commercial matters. It will examine cases involving “commercial disputes” relating to claims over €2.000.000, but in addition, irrespective of the amount in dispute, the Commercial Court will have jurisdiction to also hear all matters relating to competition law, intellectual property, and arbitration.

Litigation in Argentina

As far as the national jurisdiction is concerned, and focusing on civil and commercial disputes, it tends to be approximately five years for a first instance judgment, and then some more months for the appeals. This is an approximation, since it depends on the complexity of the matter and the judicial office in charge.

Litigation in Switzerland

Although the Swiss legislature allows for the electronic filings of submissions, this has so far not become common practice. Electronical filings require the use of officially accredited platforms and digital signatures. Some of the courts offer this possibility, others don’t.

Litigation in Paraguay

Lower-level courts often consult with the higher-level courts before trial to be assured that their judgments will not be appealed, which works quite well for simple disputes. But when it comes to complex disputes between large corporations, the lower-level courts cannot really issue an unappealable judgment.

Litigation in the Netherlands

Until February 2022, we still faxed documents to court. But now we can send some procedural documents to court digitally, though some things we still need to file physically. Zivver is the online service we use to send documents electronically to Dutch courts, although in some of the district courts, you can use email.

Litigation in Japan

According to the statistics published by the General Secretariat of the Supreme Court of Japan in August 2023, at the district court level, among all the cases which ended in 2022, 45.8% of the cases ended with judgments, but 32.8% of the cases ended with a settlement.

Judgment Enforcement Challenges in Mexico

In Mexico City, I estimate that it takes an average of a year to a year and a half to get a decision from the lower court. But I had a case that took ten years to get a judgment from the lower court and I have also had cases that proceeded to judgment in two months.

Litigation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The 2022 reforms to the justice system includes the establishment of a Commercial Court which was approved in Parliament in May 2022. The Commercial Court will be comprised of judges with experience in commercial matters. It will examine cases involving “commercial disputes” relating to claims over €2.000.000, but in addition, irrespective of the amount in dispute, the Commercial Court will have jurisdiction to also hear all matters relating to competition law, intellectual property, and arbitration.

Litigation in Austria

Court fees tend to be a problem. The filing fees are based on the amount in dispute and there is no limit. They could be tens of thousands of euros or more and there are separate fees for appeals. We had a case involving the recognition of a nine million euro foreign arbitral award and for the appeal alone, we had to pay 45,000 euros in court fees.

Islamic Dispute Resolution

Although Islamic Dispute Resolution organizations are relatively new here in the US, I must say there have been individuals and Islamic scholars who have provided service in this field for many years. Specifically, there have always been Imams and community leaders who have helped resolve community and family disputes. Their work has been a motivation for me to also serve in this area and make further progress by establishing a more formal structured organization.

Litigation in Catholic Canon Law

There are trials, but they do not look like American trials. In fact, canonical trials much more resemble continental European trials, especially in that canonical trials are largely document-based with little, often no, direct confrontation between sides and witnesses.

Litigation in Slovakia

In general, court hearings must be open to the public, which means that they must be accessible to the public and the media. However, in specific cases (to protect public health, morals, safety or other interests of the parties, persons close to the parties or witnesses), the public and the media may be excluded for all or part of the hearing.